Myths have always held profound significance in understanding the history and progress of human civilization. They are not just stories; they are cultural blueprints that reflect the values, beliefs, and achievements of ancient societies. One such myth is the tale of Inanna and Enki, which offers invaluable insights into the Sumerian civilization.
An Ancient Tale Inscribed as Early as 2000 BC
The tale of Inanna and Enki is one of the oldest myths, with inscriptions dating back as early as 2000 B.C. This ancient narrative was uncovered over the years through archaeological excavations, starting in 1911. Scholars like David W. Myhrman and Arno Poebel played pivotal roles in piecing together this myth from fragmented tablets found in Nippur. Their work allowed the modern world to glimpse into the mystical and rich past of the Sumerians.
The Tale of Inanna and Enki: A Cultural Blueprint
The myth of Inanna and Enki contains a list of over 100 decrees that govern all aspects of cultural achievements, forming a crucial part of Sumerian civilization. These decrees encompass various domains such as priestly offices, symbols of leadership, craftsmanship, wisdom, music, and rituals. Each decree highlights the intricate and sophisticated nature of Sumerian society, revealing how they structured their community, honored their deities, and celebrated their achievements.
The Journey of Inanna: Ambition and Divine Favor
Inanna, the ambitious and powerful goddess, aspired to make her city Erech (Uruk) the center of civilization and to exalt her own name. To achieve this, she decided to journey to Eridu , the city where Enki, the god of wisdom and water, dwelled in the watery abyss known as the Abzu. Inanna’s journey was not just a physical voyage but also a symbolic quest for divine favor and the sacred decrees that would bestow her with unparalleled power and legitimacy.
Jump To The Myth of Inanna and Enki
Setting The Stage: Deities
Inanna: Goddess and the Queen of Heaven and Earth
Inanna, the Queen of Heaven and Earth, shone as one of the most powerful and complex goddesses in Sumerian mythology. She embodied love, beauty, and fertility, bringing life and prosperity to the land.
Yet, she was also a fierce warrior. She stood tall in battles and defending justice. Inanna’s symbols were the lion and the eight-pointed star, both reflecting her immense power and divine nature. Adorned in lavish jewelry and garments, she often appeared with wings, emphasizing her celestial origins. Her presence was commanding, bridging the realms of gods and mortals.
Her myths were filled with intrigue and adventure. This story of Inanna and Enki is about her journey to Eridu, where she cunningly acquires sacred decrees from Enki, the god of wisdom. These decrees encompass all aspects of civilization, highlighting her role in shaping human society.
As the patron deity of Uruk, her influence spread far and wide, extending to Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian cultures. Inanna’s legacy endured, symbolizing feminine power, divine authority, and the eternal dance between creation and destruction.
Enki: God of Wisdom and Master of Abyss
Enki, the wise and benevolent god of water, wisdom, and creation, resided in the depths of the Abzu, the subterranean freshwater realm. Known for his great intelligence and creativity, Enki was often depicted with streams of water flowing from his shoulders, symbolizing life and abundance.
His domains included not only water but also crafts and magic. Enki’s presence was serene yet powerful, guiding the flow of rivers and the wisdom of mankind. He was often shown holding the horned crown, a mark of his divine authority, and surrounded by symbols of the goat and fish (now known as Capricorn), creatures linked to his aquatic realm.
In the myths, Enki played a vital role in shaping the world and its laws. He was a master of transformation and a keeper of secrets, known for his cleverness and generosity.
This myth is one of his most famous tales involved granting the sacred decrees of civilization to Inanna, though later regretting his impulsiveness.
His interactions with other gods and mortals reflected his dual nature as a provider of life and a guardian of cosmic order. Thus, making him a revered and essential figure in Sumerian mythology.
Isimud: The Dual Faced and All-Seeing Minister
Isimud, the faithful and wise minister of Enki, was a figure of great importance in Sumerian mythology. He served as the messenger and aide to Enki. He was known for his unwavering loyalty and sharp intellect.
Isimud was often depicted with two faces, allowing him to see in all directions and perceive the hidden truths of the world. It was said that he could glimpse into the future and into the past at the same time. This unique feature symbolized his role as a bridge between realms, able to communicate swiftly and effectively with gods and mortals alike. He was always at Enki’s side, ready to carry out his master’s commands with precision and dedication.
In the tales of the gods, Isimud played a crucial role in the unfolding of events. He was the one who informed Enki of the movements of the divine decrees and the actions of other gods. His keen observation and quick thinking made him an indispensable ally to Enki.
In our tale, when Inanna journeyed to Eridu to seek the sacred decrees, it was Isimud who facilitated the interactions between her and Enki. His ability to navigate complex situations with wisdom and tact highlighted his significance in the divine hierarchy.
Isimud’s presence ensured that the will of the gods is carried out smoothly, maintaining the balance and order of the cosmos.
Ninshubur: The Loyal Guardian of Inanna
Ninshubur, the steadfast and brave attendant of Inanna, was a figure of remarkable loyalty and courage in Sumerian mythology. She stood as a pillar of support and protection for the goddess Inanna. Always ready to defend and assist her in times of need.
Ninshubur was depicted with a regal bearing, her eyes sharp and her demeanor resolute. She was the epitome of devotion, never wavering in her duties. Her role as a minister went beyond mere service. She was a trusted confidant and a fierce protector. Thus, embodying the virtues of faithfulness and bravery.
In the myth, Ninshubur defended the Boat of Heaven from numerous threats, proving her valor and unyielding spirit. Her actions reflected the profound bond between her and Inanna. Thus, showcasing her as a beacon of unwavering loyalty and courage in the face of overwhelming odds.
Setting The Stage: Places
Eridu: The Sacred City of the Abzu
In the ancient land of Sumer, nestled along the banks of the Euphrates River, lay the sacred city of Eridu. Founded around 5400 BCE. It was revered as the first city created by the gods. Thus, making it the birthplace of culture and divine wisdom. The city’s heart was the temple of Enki, the god of water, wisdom, and creation. This temple, called the E-Abzu, was built above the watery abyss known as the Abzu, where Enki dwelled.
Eridu was not just a city; it was a center of spiritual and cultural significance. It represented the beginning of organized human life and the divine favor bestowed upon the land. Pilgrims and worshippers would travel from afar to offer their respects to Enki and seek his blessings.
The city’s influence extended throughout Sumer and beyond, shaping the religious and cultural landscapes of Mesopotamia.
Today, its ruins can be found in modern-day southern Iraq, near the city of Nasiriyah.
Erech: The Eternal City of Inanna
Erech, also known as Uruk, was a majestic city in ancient Sumer, located in what is now modern-day southern Iraq, near the Euphrates River. It is considered one of the earliest cities in human history, dating back to around 4500 BCE. As you wander through the ruins of this ancient city, you can almost hear the whispers of its glorious past.
Erech was a bustling center of culture, politics, and religion. It was the home of mighty walls built by the legendary King Gilgamesh and was renowned for its impressive temples and ziggurats dedicated to the gods.
The city’s most significant temple was the Eanna, the House of Heaven, dedicated to Inanna, the goddess of love, beauty, and war. This temple was located in a city district called Kulaba.
Erech was a beacon of divine favor and prosperity, with its streets filled with traders, priests, and citizens who honored the gods through grand festivals and rituals. Inanna’s presence was felt in every corner of the city, her power and influence shaping the destiny of its people.
Today, the ruins of Erech offer a glimpse into a civilization that was vibrant and sophisticated, reflecting the ingenuity and devotion of the Sumerians.
The Myth: Inanna and Enki
Inanna’s Ambition to Elevate Erech
Inanna, the Queen of Heaven and Earth, gazed upon her beloved city, Erech. She dreamed of making it the heart of civilization. She desired to bring prosperity and wisdom to its people. To achieve this, she needed the divine decrees that governed all aspects of culture and society. These decrees were called the “me” and were in the possession of Enki, the wise lord of Eridu.
Enki, the god of wisdom, held these sacred decrees in his watery abode, the Abzu, in Eridu. These decrees were the building blocks of civilization. They encompassed everything from kingship and priesthood to music and craftsmanship. Inanna knew that Enki, knowing their power, guarded them closely. She also understood that whoever possessed the decrees would hold the key to flourishing civilization.
Inanna Delights in Her Appearance
Inanna stood under the vast, open sky, her beauty shining like the morning star. She adorned herself with the šu-gura, the desert crown, which sparkled on her head. As she walked, the folds of her robes whispered secrets to the wind. Her presence was remarkable, a beacon of divine power and allure. She delighted in her reflection, praising her own beauty with a heart full of joy. Inanna gazed at herself in the mirror of the desert oasis, her eyes twinkling with self-admiration and confidence.
With a determined heart, Inanna decided to use her beauty and powers to obtain the Me. She began to plan her journey to Eridu, the city of Enki, the wise god of water and wisdom who held the powers of Me in his domain.
A Plan Is Formed
“When I have made the desert bloom and the shepherds rejoice,” she thought. “When I have adorned the land with my presence, I shall then set my steps towards Eridu. I shall visit the sacred abzu. Where the sweet waters of wisdom flow. I will speak to Enki, winning his favor with my charm and grace.”
Inanna stood beneath the glittering heavens, her eyes fixed on the distant horizon. She made a decision, one that would change the course of her destiny. “I, Inanna, will journey to Eridu,” she declared. Her voice was filled with resolve. “I will seek Lord Enki’s wisdom. Like the sweet oil of cedar, I shall pour out my plea.”
The Journey Begins
With a heart full of purpose, Inanna began her journey. The city of Enki awaited her, the god of wisdom and water, who knew all things in heaven and earth. Even before she was six miles from the temple, Enki sensed her approach. He, the master of divine knowledge, was prepared.
Enki turned to Isimud, his trusted servant who could see the past and the present. “Come here,” Enki said. His voice was calm but commanding. “Listen to my words.” Enki instructed Isimud to prepare a feast for Inanna, to make her feel like she is visiting her best friend’s home.
The Reception
Inanna entered the grand halls of the Abzu, greeted by the warm embrace of Enki, the wise god of water and wisdom. Enki’s face lit up with a welcoming smile as he saw her. “Welcome, Inanna,” he said. His voice was filled with warmth. “You are a cherished guest in my home.”
Enki gave strict instructions to treat Inanna with the highest hospitality. “Let her feel at home,” he told his servants. “Serve her butter cake and cool water. Pour beer for her at the Lions’ Gate. Make her feel as if she is in her friend’s house.”
Isimud, Enki’s faithful minister, followed these instructions to the letter. He welcomed Inanna into the Abzu and Eridu, ensuring she felt comfortable and respected. She was given the finest butter cake and cool water, and they poured the best beer for her in front of the Lions’ Gate. Isimud made her feel like an honored guest. Inanna saw that she was treated as if she entered a girlfriends house, she was treated as an equal and colleague.
Enki and Inanna then sat at the holy table, the table of An. They drank beer together, their laughter echoing through the halls. They enjoyed the sweet wine and competed in drinking from the bronze vessels.
As the evening wore on, the drinking continued. Enki’s heart was filled with joy, and he marveled at Inanna’s beauty. Feeling generous, he decided to bestow decrees upon her, granting her powers beyond her imagination.
Bestowing of The Decrees
Enki, the wise and benevolent god, stood before Inanna. His hands held the divine decrees, each one shimmering with power and promise. “I will give these to you, holy Inanna,” he declared. “May they never be lost.”
Decrees of Heroism and Power
With reverence, Inanna received the first set of decrees. They bestowed heroism, power, and the ability to bring both joy and sorrow. She was given the strength to plunder cities and the wisdom to make lamentations. Each decree was a testament to the diverse aspects of life and leadership.
Decrees of Duality and Balance
Next, Enki handed her decrees of deceit and rebellion, balanced by kindness and the ability to wander or stay rooted. These decrees reflected the dual nature of existence, where light and dark, movement and stillness, coexist.
Decrees of Craftsmanship
Inanna then received the crafts of the carpenter, coppersmith, scribe, smith, leather-worker, fuller, builder, and reed-worker. These decrees represented the heart of Sumerian civilization, where craftsmanship and skill were revered. The tools and knowledge of these trades were essential for building society and fostering creativity.
Decrees of Wisdom and Reverence
Enki continued, bestowing upon Inanna wisdom, attentiveness, and holy purification rites. She also received the shepherd’s hut, the art of piling glowing charcoals, and the sheepfold. These decrees symbolized the care and respect for the land and its creatures, the quiet reverence of daily life, and the silent awe of nature’s beauty.
Decrees of Family and Fire
The decrees of fire, both its kindling and extinguishing, hard work, family, and descendants were next. These gifts encompassed the essence of human existence, from the toil of labor to the warmth of family and the continuity of generations.
Decrees of Governance and Triumph
Finally, Enki presented decrees of strife and triumph, counseling and decision-making. These were the tools of governance, the means to lead with justice and wisdom, to navigate conflicts, and to celebrate victories.
Inanna’s Receipt of The Decrees
Inanna, holding the decrees, felt the weight of their significance. She repeated the gifts she received, each one a piece of the divine puzzle that shaped the world:
“He has given me heroism. He has given me power. Enki has given me joy and sorrow.”
“He has given me deceit. He has given me rebellion. Enki has given me kindness.”
“He has given me the crafts of the carpenter and coppersmith. He has given me the skills of the scribe and smith. Enki has given me the arts of the leather-worker and fuller. He has given me the talents of the builder and reed-worker.”
“Enki has given me wisdom. He has given me attentiveness. Enki has given me holy rites and the shepherd’s hut. He has given me the art of glowing charcoals and the sheepfold. Enki has given me respect and awe.”
“He has given me the kindling of fire and its extinguishing. He has given me hard work. Enki has given me family and descendants. He has given me strife and triumph. Enki has given me counseling.”
With each decree, Inanna felt more connected to the divine tapestry of Sumerian life. She was now a bearer of these sacred gifts, ready to weave their power into the fabric of her world. The ME, the divine decrees were not just symbols of power but were the very essence of civilization, guiding the hearts and minds of those who would follow her.
Inanna, with the divine decrees securely in her possession, embarked on the “Boat of Heaven.” Her heart was light, filled with the power and knowledge she now held. The boat glided gracefully away from Eridu, carrying Inanna towards her destiny.
Enki’s Regret
Back in Eridu, Enki’s mind began to clear. The haze of beer lifted, and with it came a flood of realization. Enki looked around, feeling a sudden pang of regret. He called out to his trusted minister, Isimud.
“Isimud, my minister, my Sweet Name of Heaven!”
“Yes, my master, I am at your service. What is your wish?”
Enki’s voice was urgent. “Since Inanna said she would not yet depart for Unug Kulaba (Uruk), can I still reach her?”
But Inanna had already gathered the divine powers and set sail on the Boat of Heaven. The boat had left the quay, moving swiftly through the waters.
Enki’s heart sank as he realized the full extent of his actions. He turned his attention to the grand buildings of Eridu, a sense of loss growing within him.
Inventory Of The Losses
Enki spoke again to Isimud, his voice laced with worry. “Isimud, my minister, my Sweet Name of Heaven!”
“Yes, my master, I am at your service. What is your wish?”
“Where are the offices of en priest, lagar priest, divinity, the great and good crown, the royal throne?”
“My master, you have given them to Inanna.”
“Where are the noble scepter, the staff and crook, the noble dress, shepherdship, kingship?”
“My master, you have given them to Inanna.”
“Where are the offices of egir-zid priestess, nin-diĝir priestess, išib priest, lu-maḫ priest, gudug priest?”
“My master, you have given them to Inanna.”
“Where are constancy, going down to the underworld, coming up from the underworld, the kur-ĝara priest?”
“My master, you have given them to Inanna.”
“Where are the sword and club, the cultic functionary saĝ-ursaĝ, the black garment, the colorful garment, the hairstyles?”
“My master, you have given them to Inanna.”
“Where are the standard, the quiver, sexual intercourse, kissing, prostitution, running?”
“My master, you have given them to Inanna.”
“Where are forthright speech, deceitful speech, grandiloquent speech, the cultic prostitute, the holy tavern?”
“My master, you have given them to Inanna.”
“Where are the holy niĝin-ĝar shrine, the mistress of heaven, loud musical instruments, the art of song, venerable old age?”
“My master, you have given them to Inanna.”
As Enki listed each decree, his regret deepened. He realized how much he had bestowed upon Inanna. He knew he needed to retrieve the decrees but felt the weight of his generosity and the wisdom he had shared.
Meanwhile, Inanna continued her journey. She felt the power of the decrees within her, defiant and determined. Enki’s regret could not stop her. She was on a path of destiny, ready to shape the world with the gifts she had received.
Enki Takes Action
In the heart of the Abzu, Enki, the wise prince, called for his trusted minister, Isimud. His voice was urgent, carrying the weight of divine authority. “Isimud, my minister, my Sweet Name of Heaven!”
Isimud, always loyal, replied swiftly, “Enki, my master, I am at your service! What is your wish?”
Enki’s eyes were filled with concern. “Where has the Boat of Heaven reached now?”
“It has just now reached the Quay,” Isimud responded.
Enki’s command was firm. “Go now! The enkum, my trusty messengers and attendants, must take the Boat of Heaven away from her!”
The First Visit Of Isimud
Isimud, obedient and swift, found Inanna. He spoke with respect and urgency. “My lady! Your father has sent me to you. Inanna, your father has sent me to you. What Enki spoke was very serious. His important words cannot be countermanded.”
Inanna, with a mixture of confusion and defiance, replied, “What has my father said to you? Why should his important words not be countermanded?”
Isimud conveyed Enki’s message faithfully. “Enki has said: ‘Inanna may travel to Uruk, but you are to get the Boat of Heaven back to Eridug for me.'”
Inanna’s eyes flashed with indignation. “How could my father have changed what he said to me? How could he have altered his promise? Was it falsehood that my father spoke? Has he duplicitously sent you to me as a messenger?”
The Enkum
Even as she spoke, the enkum moved to seize the Boat of Heaven. Inanna knew that they were known for their deep knowledge of religious rites and their dedication to maintaining the order. She knew that standing up to these formidable priests of godly order was beyond her ability alone.
Holy Inanna turned to her own minister, Ninshubur, her voice commanding and resolute. “Come, my good minister of E-ana! My fair-spoken minister! My envoy of reliable words! Water has never touched your hand, water has never touched your feet!”
The sky darkened as tension filled the air. Holy Inanna stood on the deck of the Boat of Heaven, her eyes blazing with determination. The enkum, sent by Enki, approached with swift purpose, their mission clear: to reclaim the divine vessel.
Before they could reach the boat, Ninshubur, Inanna’s loyal attendant, stepped forward. Her presence was formidable, a beacon of unwavering loyalty. She raised her hand, signaling the enkum to halt.
The enkum hesitated, uncertain. They respected Ninshubur, knowing her to be wise and strong. But their orders were clear, and they could not disobey Enki lightly.
Ninshubur saw their hesitation and pressed on. “Return to Enki,” she commanded. “Tell him Inanna’s journey cannot be stopped. The Boat of Heaven will not be taken.”
The enkum, caught between duty and respect, exchanged glances. Finally, they stepped back, their resolve faltering in the face of Ninshubur’s determination.
Inanna watched, her heart swelling with gratitude. Ninshubur had defended the boat, securing their path forward. The journey would continue, the Boat of Heaven sailing towards destiny.
The Second Visit of Isimud
Inanna held tightly to the divine powers and the Boat of Heaven. She knew the significance of her treasures and would not let them go easily. Once more, Enki, troubled by his earlier generosity, called for his minister, Isimud.
“Where has the Boat of Heaven reached now?” Enki asked, his concern growing.
“It has just now reached the holy quay,” Isimud answered.
Enki’s brow furrowed. “Go now! The fifty giants of Eridug are to take the Boat of Heaven away from her!”
Isimud hurried to Inanna, his heart heavy with the task. “My lady! Your father has sent me to you. Inanna, your father has sent me to you. What Enki spoke was very serious. His important words cannot be countermanded.”
Inanna’s eyes flashed with defiance. She repeated the same questions as before, asking why Enki has changed his mind. Isimud hesitated but relayed the message. “Enki has said: ‘Inanna may travel to Unug, but you are to get the Boat of Heaven back to Eridug for me.'”
Inanna’s voice rose with indignation. “How could my father have changed what he said to me? How could he alter his promise? Was it falsehood that my father spoke? Has he sent you with deceitful words?”
As these words left her lips, the fifty giants of Eridug appeared, their presence imposing. They moved to seize the Boat of Heaven. Inanna, undeterred, turned to her faithful minister, Ninshubur.
The Fifty Giants of Eridug
Ninshubur, ever loyal and brave, stood by Inanna’s side. The air crackled with tension as the fifty giants of Eridug loomed before Inanna and Ninshubur. These giants were formidable, towering beings with immense strength. Their eyes glowed with determination, reflecting the gravity of their mission.
Inanna stood tall, her divine aura shimmering like a beacon. She held the divine decrees close, their power coursing through her. Beside her, Ninshubur radiated unwavering loyalty and courage.
The Fight With The Fifty Giants
The giants, massive and powerful, advanced with heavy steps that shook the ground. As the first giant reached out to seize the Boat of Heaven, Ninshubur intercepted with a swift and precise strike, momentarily halting his advance.
Inanna called upon her divine powers, and the air around her seemed to hum with energy. She chanted sacred words, and a barrier of light formed between her and the giants. The giants, though powerful, were momentarily pushed back by the sheer force of her will.
The clash intensified. The giants, undeterred, regrouped and charged again. Their collective strength was overwhelming, yet Inanna and Ninshubur fought with unmatched tenacity. Ninshubur dodged and parried, her movements a dance of defense and precision. She used her environment, the sacred elements of the Boat of Heaven, to her advantage, striking with purpose and intent.
Despite their numbers, the giants struggled to overcome the divine barrier and the fierce defense mounted by the goddess. Each time they approached, they were met with a formidable resistance. Inanna’s divine light and Ninshubur’s relentless defense created an almost impenetrable front.
In the end, the giants, realizing the futility of their efforts, retreated. The Boat of Heaven remained in Inanna’s possession, a symbol of her unwavering strength and divine right. Inanna and Ninshubur stood victorious, their spirits unbroken, ready to continue their journey.
The Third Visit of Isimud
Inanna held fast to the divine powers and the Boat of Heaven, her resolve unshaken. But Enki, still troubled by his generosity, summoned his minister for the third time.
“Where has the Boat of Heaven reached now?” Enki inquired, worry etched on his face.
“It has just now reached the UL.MA hill,” Isimud answered.
Enki’s eyes narrowed with determination. “Go now! The fifty laḫama, the demons of the subterranean waters are to take the Boat of Heaven away from her!”
Isimud hurried to Inanna once more. “My lady! Your father has sent me to you. Inanna, your father has sent me to you. What Enki spoke was very serious. His important words cannot be countermanded.”
Holy Inanna, her eyes fierce with defiance, responded, “What has my father said to you? Why should his important words not be countermanded?”
Isimud delivered the message solemnly. “Enki has said: ‘Inanna may travel to Unug, but you are to get the Boat of Heaven back to Eridug for me.'”
Inanna’s anger flared. “How could my father have changed what he said to me? How could he alter his promise? Was it falsehood that my father spoke? Has he sent you with deceitful words?”
The Fifty Lahama Demons
As she spoke, the fifty laḫama of the subterranean waters emerged. These creatures, fierce and powerful, moved to seize the Boat of Heaven. Inanna, undeterred, turned to her loyal minister, Ninshubur.
Ninshubur, steadfast and brave, stepped forward. The air was thick with tension as the fifty laḫama demons emerged from the depths. Their serpentine bodies glistened with an otherworldly sheen, and their eyes glowed with an eerie light of the abyss. Each movement they made was fluid and graceful, yet filled with an underlying menace. They advanced toward the Boat of Heaven, intent on reclaiming it for Enki.
Ninshubur scanned the approaching laḫama. She was undaunted by their fearsome appearance, her heart steeled with the resolve to protect Inanna and the sacred vessel.
The Fight With the Lahama Demons
The first laḫama lunged forward, its fanged maw open wide. Ninshubur moved with lightning speed, sidestepping the attack and striking with her staff. The blow landed with a crack, momentarily stunning the creature. But there were many more.
Another laḫama coiled around the boat’s railing, its scales shimmering in the dim light. Ninshubur swung her staff again, her movements precise and powerful. She struck the laḫama’s head, forcing it to release its grip. The creature hissed in pain, retreating into the mass of its kin.
The laḫama demons regrouped, their glowing eyes fixed on Ninshubur. They attacked in waves, their bodies twisting and striking like living water. Using their powerful limbs they attempted to grab the boat. Ninshubur parried each assault with skill and determination. She used the Boat of Heaven’s structure to her advantage, moving with agility and grace.
The laḫama demons, overwhelmed by the force of Ninshubur’s divine power, began to retreat. Their once confident advance was now a chaotic scramble to escape the wrath of Inanna’s formidable attendant. One by one, they slithered back into the depths from which they came, their mission unfulfilled.
The Fourth Visit of Isimud
Inanna gripped the divine powers and the Boat of Heaven tightly. Her journey was far from over. Once again, Enki, troubled by his earlier generosity, called for his minister, Isimud.
“Where has the Boat of Heaven reached now?” Enki asked, concern evident in his eyes.
“It has just now reached the Field Hill,” Isimud answered.
Enki’s eyes narrowed. “Go now! All the great fish together must take the Boat of Heaven away from her!”
Isimud hurried to Inanna. “My lady! Your father has sent me to you. Inanna, your father has sent me to you. What Enki spoke was very serious. His important words cannot be countermanded.”
Holy Inanna, her eyes blazing with defiance, replied, “What has my father said to you? Why should his important words not be countermanded?”
Isimud delivered the message solemnly. “Enki has said: ‘Inanna may travel to Unug, but you are to get the Boat of Heaven back to Eridug for me.'”
Inanna’s anger flared. “How could my father have changed what he said to me? How could he alter his promise? Was it falsehood that my father spoke? Has he sent you with deceitful words?”
All The Great Fish
As she spoke, the waters around them began to churn. All the great fish of the deep rose to the surface, summoned by Enki’s command. Their scales glittered in the sunlight, and their powerful bodies moved with purpose.
Ninshubur, Inanna’s loyal and brave attendant, stepped forward. Her eyes were filled with determination. She stood ready to defend the Boat of Heaven against the great fish. The creatures circled, their intent clear. They moved with the power of the ocean, seeking to fulfill Enki’s command.
The Fight With The Fish
The first fish lunged, its massive body cutting through the water. Ninshubur met it head-on, using her staff to deflect its advance. The clash of divine will and natural force sent ripples across the surface, but Ninshubur held her ground.
More fish attacked, their numbers overwhelming. But Ninshubur, with her agility and unwavering spirit, fought them off. She struck with precision, each blow a testament to her loyalty and strength. The water churned with the frenzy of battle, but the Boat of Heaven remained safe.
Inanna watched with pride and determination. Her journey would not be halted by the forces of the deep. The power of the divine decrees and the courage of her faithful minister would see them through.
The great fish, sensing the unbreakable resolve of Ninshubur and the divine power of Inanna, began to retreat. Their mission unfulfilled, they slipped back into the depths, leaving the Boat of Heaven untouched.
Ninshubur, breathless but victorious, stood by Inanna’s side. The battle had been fierce, but their bond and resolve had prevailed. The Boat of Heaven remained in their possession, ready to continue its journey to Unug.
Inanna placed a hand on Ninshubur’s shoulder. “You have done well, my faithful Ninshubur,” she said, her voice filled with gratitude.
The Fifth Visit of Isimud
Inanna held the divine powers and the Boat of Heaven firmly. Her journey, marked by determination and resilience, continued despite the challenges. Enki, still troubled by his earlier decisions, called for his minister, Isimud, once again.
“Where has the Boat of Heaven reached now?” Enki inquired, his eyes filled with worry.
“It has just now reached the border of Unug,” Isimud answered.
Enki’s eyes darkened with resolve. “Go now! The guardians of Unug are to take the Boat of Heaven away from her!”
Isimud hurried to Inanna, his steps quick and purposeful. “My lady! Your father has sent me to you. Inanna, your father has sent me to you. What Enki spoke was very serious. His important words cannot be countermanded.”
Inanna, her eyes blazing with defiance, responded, “What has my father said to you? Why should his important words not be countermanded?”
Isimud delivered the message solemnly. “Enki has said: ‘Inanna may travel to Unug, but you are to get the Boat of Heaven back to Eridug for me.'”
Inanna’s anger flared, her voice filled with indignation. “How could my father have changed what he said to me? How could he alter his promise? Was it falsehood that my father spoke? Has he sent you with deceitful words?”
The Guardians of Unug
As she spoke, the guardians of Unug appeared. These formidable protectors, loyal to Enki, moved with purpose. Their presence was intimidating, but Inanna and Ninshubur stood their ground.
The guardians advanced, their forms towering and powerful. But Ninshubur, undaunted, prepared to defend. She faced the approaching guardians, her eyes filled with determination.
She knew that these guardians possessed immense physical strength. Their blows could shatter stone and bend metal. They were invulnerable to mortal weapons. She specifically focused on their armor which was imbued with sacred enchantments further enhanced their durability.
Ninshubur moved with agility, using her staff to block and deflect their attempts to seize the boat. Each strike she delivered was precise and powerful, a testament to her loyalty and strength.
Inanna, channeling the divine powers she held, added her own force to the defense. Waves of energy radiated from her, creating a protective barrier around the Boat of Heaven. The guardians, despite their strength, struggled to break through.
They were powerful, and mortals feared them. Now they were facing two goddesses, a challenge they realized was more than they anticipated. The clash was intense, the air filled with the sound of battle and the glow of divine energy. Ninshubur fought tirelessly, her movements a blend of skill and devotion. The guardians, realizing the futility of their efforts, began to falter.
Finally, the guardians, overwhelmed by the combined might of Inanna and Ninshubur, retreated. Their mission had failed, and they returned to Unug, leaving the Boat of Heaven in Inanna’s possession.
The Sixth Visit of Isimud
Inanna held the divine powers and the Boat of Heaven close, her journey marked by challenges and victories. Once more, Enki, worried and restless, called upon his loyal minister, Isimud.
“Where has the Boat of Heaven reached now?” Enki inquired, his eyes filled with concern.
“It has just now reached the Surungal canal,” Isimud answered.
Enki’s resolve hardened. “Go now! The Surungal canal guardians are to take the Boat of Heaven away from her!”
Isimud hurried to Inanna. “My lady! Your father has sent me to you. What Enki spoke was very serious. His important words cannot be countermanded.”
Inanna, her eyes blazing with defiance, replied, “What has my father said to you? Why should his important words not be countermanded?”
Isimud delivered the message with a heavy heart. “Enki has said: ‘Inanna may travel to Unug, but you are to get the Boat of Heaven back to Eridug for me.'”
Inanna’s anger flared, her voice filled with indignation. “How could my father have changed what he said to me? How could he alter his promise? Was it falsehood that my father spoke? Has he sent you with deceitful words?”
The Guardians of Surungal Canal
As she spoke, the waters of the Surungal canal began to stir. The guardians of the canal, powerful and relentless, rose from the depths. They moved with the fluid grace of water, intent on fulfilling Enki’s command.
They were formidable beings embodying the essence of water they protected. Composed primarily of water, they had armor made from enchanted materials of the deep. Their limbs, though fluid, could become solid when needed. They possessed completed control over water, could summon waves and manipulate the flow of the canal at will.
The guardians of the Surungal canal, with their shimmering forms and relentless determination, advanced. Ninshubur, undaunted, positioned herself between the Boat of Heaven and the approaching threat.
The Fight With The Guardians
The first guardian surged forward, its form a swirling mass of water and light. Ninshubur met it head-on, her staff glowing with divine energy. She struck with precision, sending ripples of power through the guardian’s form, momentarily halting its advance.
More guardians followed, their movements synchronized and relentless. But Ninshubur, with her unwavering resolve, fought them off. Her every move was a testament to her loyalty and courage. She deflected and countered the guardians’ attacks with skill and determination.
Inanna, channeling her divine powers, added her own strength to the defense. Waves of energy radiated from her, creating a protective barrier around the Boat of Heaven. The guardians, despite their strength, struggled to penetrate the divine shield.
The clash was intense, the air filled with the sound of water and divine energy. Ninshubur fought tirelessly, her movements a dance of defense and power.
The guardians, overwhelmed by the combined might of Inanna and Ninshubur, retreated. Their mission unfulfilled, they sank back into the depths of the canal, leaving the Boat of Heaven untouched.
The Arrival
Inanna held the divine powers and the Boat of Heaven close. Her journey had been long and challenging. As she approached her temple in Unug Kulaba. The city awaited her arrival with bated breath.
When the Boat of Heaven reached the Gate of Joy, it passed magnificently along the streets of Unug. It reached the maiden’s house and found its place near the purified well, Inanna’s principal well. There, she placed the divine powers and the Boat of Heaven at the Ĝipar Gate, within the Agrun Chamber.
Her minister Ninshubur spoke softly, filled with awe. “My lady, today you have brought the Boat of Heaven to the Gate of Joy, to Unug Kulaba. Now there will be rejoicing in our city. Barges will sail on our river in celebration.”
Inanna, radiant with victory, replied, “Today I have brought the Boat of Heaven to the Gate of Joy, to Unug Kulaba. It shall pass along the street magnificently. The people shall stand in the street full of awe.”
The old men of the city would find comfort, and the old women would offer counsel. The young men would show the strength of their arms, and the children would revel in joy. Unug would be filled with happiness and pride.
The celebration began. The king, honoring Inanna’s return, recited great prayers. He slaughtered bulls and sacrificed sheep. He poured beer from a bowl, and the drums sounded, filling the air with music. The foreign lands would declare her greatness, and her people would sing her praises.
The Seventh Visit Of Isimud
Enki, still anxious, called for his minister again.
“Where has the Boat of Heaven reached now?” Enki asked.
“It has just now reached the White Quay,” Isimud answered.
Enki paused, sensing the shift in the air. “Go now, and see the admiration it commands. Holy Inanna has returned, and all shall see her glory.”
Proclamation of Inanna’s Powers
As Inanna entered her temple, a sense of awe and reverence filled the air. The priests and priestesses of her temple, dressed in their sacred garments, gathered around her with anticipation. They meticulously took inventory of the divine powers and gifts she had brought back. Each item was examined and recorded with great care. The holy symbols of authority, the tools of craftsmanship, and the sacred objects were all accounted for.
The priests and priestesses then raised their voices in unison, proclaiming the newly gained powers of the goddess. They declared her return as a momentous event, heralding a new era of prosperity and divine favor for the city of Unug Kulaba.
The people, hearing the proclamations, rejoiced, knowing that Inanna’s gifts would bring wisdom, strength, and blessings to their lives.
Priestly Offices:
Inanna carried with her the offices of en priest, lagar priest, egir-zid priestess, nin-diĝir priestess, išib priest, lu-maḫ priest, and gudug priest. These roles were central to maintaining religious rites and divine order.
Symbols of Leadership:
She brought the noble scepter, staff and crook, the noble dress, the royal throne, and the great and good crown, symbolizing shepherdship and kingship.
Divine Roles and Attributes:
Inanna returned with powers of divinity, heroism, power, wickedness, righteousness, and the abilities to bring joy, lamentations, and the plundering of cities.
Craftsmanship:
She carried the knowledge of various crafts, including those of the carpenter, coppersmith, scribe, smith, leather-worker, fuller, builder, and reed-worker, essential for the development and prosperity of her people.
Wisdom and Purity:
Inanna brought wisdom, attentiveness, holy purification rites, and reverent silence, fostering an environment of learning and spiritual growth.
Cultural Practices:
She brought forth the standards, quivers, sexual intercourse, kissing, prostitution, forthright speech, deceitful speech, grandiloquent speech, and the institution of the holy tavern, reflecting the complex nature of human society.
Music and Celebration:
Inanna returned with the holy niĝin-ĝar shrine, loud musical instruments, and the art of song, ensuring that her people could celebrate and honor the divine through music and festivals.
Human Conditions:
She carried with her deceit, rebel lands, kindness, the state of being on the move, and being sedentary, reflecting the diverse experiences of human life.
Tools and Elements:
Inanna brought the bitter-toothed tools, the kindling and extinguishing of fire, hard work, the assembled family, and descendants, representing the foundational aspects of daily life and survival.
Conflict and Resolution:
She carried the powers of strife, triumph, counseling, comforting, judging, and decision-making, essential for maintaining order and justice.
Ritual and Reverence:
Inanna returned with the sacred hairstyles, the holy tigi, holy lilis, ub, meze, and ala drums, and divine rituals of holy An, ensuring the proper conduct of worship and celebration.
Establishment and Prosperity:
She brought the ability to establish plans, the attractiveness of women, the holy divine powers, and the precious element of beer, symbolizing both sustenance and joy.
Enki’s Proclamation
Enki, observing from his sacred abode, felt a profound realization wash over him. He saw that Inanna had successfully returned to her temple in Unug Kulaba, her procession grand and triumphant.
The divine powers and sacred gifts he had once bestowed upon her were now public, celebrated by priests, priestesses, and the jubilant populace. The air was thick with reverence and the sound of praises echoing through the city.
Enki, wise and discerning, understood the gravity of the situation. The powers he had given Inanna were now woven into the very fabric of the city’s life and culture. There was no reversing this momentous event. He saw the people’s faith in Inanna’s divine authority grow stronger, their devotion deepened by the tangible blessings she carried.
Realizing that his previous actions had elevated Inanna to a new level of divinity and reverence among the people, Enki had no other choice but to acknowledge her newfound stature. With a heart both heavy and enlightened, he resolved to bless Inanna in her elevated role.
Enki spoke to Inanna, “In the name of my power, in the name of my abzu, I will establish your name in my abzu.”
Inanna responded, “Why have you now entered here? Why are you trying to take the divine powers from me?”
Enki’s Blessing
Enki proclaimed, “May the festival be held in your name! May people pass their time joyously at the gate of your Ĝipar! And May the citizens of your city, Inanna, the citizens of Unug, live in prosperity!”
“May Inanna’s wisdom and strength guide her people,” Enki declared, his voice resonating with divine authority. “May her reign be just and prosperous, filled with the light of the divine powers she now holds. Let the world know that Inanna is blessed by the gods, her stature undeniable and her grace eternal.”
With this proclamation, Enki not only accepted but also endorsed Inanna’s elevated status, ensuring her place among the great deities of Sumerian pantheon. The city of Unug Kulaba would forever remember this divine acknowledgment, its streets echoing with tales of Inanna’s ascension and Enki’s blessing. The unity of divine favor and mortal reverence sealed Inanna’s legacy, marking the beginning of a new era of prosperity and divine harmony.
And thus, Inanna’s journey with the Boat of Heaven and the divine powers became a legend. The celebrations and rituals in Unug honored her triumph. The divine powers she brought with her ensured the prosperity and reverence of her people for generations to come.
References
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, ” Erech ancient city, Iraq ” (Encyclopedia Britannica, May 31, 2024) https://www.britannica.com/place/Erech
Faculty of Oriental Studies, Inana and Enki (The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, 2006) https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.3.1
Samuel Noah Kramer, Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual And Literary Achievement in the Third Millenium B.C. (General Press, 2021) L1966
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, ” Eridu, Ancient City Iraq ” (Encyclopedia Britannica, Jul 18, 2023) https://www.britannica.com/place/Eridu
